RESUMO A prática de balneotarapia em paciente queimado foi abandonada em muitas partes do mundo, mas no Brasil ainda é comum. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a balneoterapia é um fator de risco para a colonização por Pseudomonas aeruginosa em pacientes queimados. Dezoito pacientes internados em um Centro de Queimadura (CQ) foram acompanhados por 14 semanas. Amostras foram coletadas do exsudato de feridas, antes e depois do banho dos pacientes e também da mesa onde a balneoterapia foi realizada. A relação genética entre as cepas de P. aeruginosa foi determinada pela electroforese em gel de campo pulsado. Trinta e sete cepas foram detectadas a partir de 292 swabs coletados de área de superfície das feridas dos pacientes e da mesa de balneoterapia. Análise de fragmentação do DNA das 37 P. aeruginosa mostrou a existência de 10 clones. O tipo A foi o clone mais prevalente, com 23 cepas distribuídas em oito subtipos. Estas estavam presentes nas lesões dos pacientes antes e após o banho e na mesa onde o banho foi realizado, sugerindo contaminação cruzada inter e intra-pacientes e pacientes e mesa de banho. Este trabalho mostra que a balneoterapia é um fator de risco para colonização por P. aeruginosa, no CQ estudado, pois um mesmo clone da bactéria foi encontrado nos isolados coletados em vários pontos e épocas diferentes.

ABSTRACT The practice of immersion in burn patient has been abandoned in many parts of the world but in Brazil it is still common. The aim of this study was to ascertain if balneotherapy is a risk factor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in thermally injured patients. Eighteen patients from a Burn Center were studied for 14 weeks for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Samples were collected by swabbing the exudate of wounds, before and after giving bath to the patients and from balneotherapy table. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to determine bacterial genetic relatedness. Thirty-seven P. aeruginosa isolates were detected from 292 swabs collected from patients' burn surface area and from the balneotherapy table. Profile analysis of P. aeruginosa DNA fragmentation showed 10 clones among the 37 strains analyzed. Type A is the most prevalent clone, with 23 strains distributed into eight subtypes. These were present in the swabs collected, before and after the patients' bath, from the surface of the bath table, suggesting that there was cross-contamination between the patients in different ways. This work demonstrates that balneotherapy is a risk factor in the Burn Center studied, because the same clone was found among P. aeruginosa isolates collected at various points and times.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 strains (isolated by cattle’s faeces and a reference strain, EDL933), were inoculated into pasteurized milk (102 and 103 cells.mL–1) to prepare the Minas frescal cheese. As control was used uninfected milk. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were performed to milk and elaborated cheese. The O157:H7 strains were quantified in the stages of cheese processing and during 0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10 and 15 storage days at 8 °C onto Sorbitol MacConkey Agar supplemented with potassium tellurite and cefixime (CT-SMAC). O157:H7 was not present in the pasteurised milk prior to the artificial inoculation. At the end of the processing the cheese had 10 to 100 times more STEC O157:H7 than the initial inoculum. During the storage, the Minas frescal cheese exhibited the largest population increase on the 4th and 5th day when inoculated with 102 and 103 cells.mL–1, respectively. Additionally, viable cells were found up to the 10th and 15th day, according to the amount of initial inoculum. This number of cells is able to cause infection in humans, and therefore, Minas frescal cheese, even when stored under refrigeration, is a potential vehicle of disease caused by STEC O157:H7.

A existência de um reservatório animal é de grande importância na transmissão de Escherichia coli, produtora de toxina shiga (STEC) aos humanos. Epidemiologicamente, o sorotipo O157:H7 tem sido o mais envolvido em surtos de doença humana causada por STEC, porém surtos envolvendo STEC não pertencentes ao sorogrupo O157 (STEC não-O157) têm sido descritos. Inúmeros trabalhos constatam uma elevada ocorrência destes microrganismos em fezes de bovinos no Brasil, entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a transmissão destes aos produtos de origem animal em nosso país. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a viabilidade de E.coli O153:H25; O113:H21 e O111:H8 em Queijo Minas Frescal (QMF), produzido com inóculos de STEC não O157: H7 e armazenados a 8ºC. Realizaram-se contagens de E. coli e psicrotróficos totais após o processamento do queijo e com intervalos de sete e quinze dias. Foi observado aumento nas contagens de E. coli STEC não O157: H7 e psicrotróficos totais logo após o processamento do QMF, bem como durante o armazenamento a 8ºC, temperatura máxima recomendada pela legislação brasileira. Demonstra-se que, caso haja contaminação da matéria-prima com STEC não O157: H7 (deste estudo), o processamento do QMF não elimina os microrganismos e a temperatura máxima recomendada pela legislação não inibe a multiplicação bacteriana, mantendo-se o risco à população. Reforça-se, portanto, a atenção à qualidade da matéria-prima, das ferramentas de qualidade no campo e na indústria de alimentos para garantir a inocuidade do produto final

The existence of an animal reservoir is of great importance in the transmission of shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) to humans. Epidemiologically serotype O157:H7 has been the most involved in human disease outbreaks caused by STEC, however STEC not belonging to serogroup O157 (STEC non-O157) have been described in outbreaks. Studies have revealed a risk in occurrence of these organisms in feces of cattle in Brazil, but little is known about the transmission to animal's products origin in our country. This study evaluated the viability of E. coli O153:H25, O113:H21 and O111:H8 in Minas Frescal Cheese (MFC), produced with non- STEC O157:H7 and stored at 8ºC. Counts of E. coli and total psychrotrophic were performed after processing and at intervals seven and fifteen days. There were an increase in the counts of E. coli and total psychrotrophic just after MFC processing as well as during storage at 8°C. The results demonstrated that, if the raw material (milk) is contaminated with STEC non O157:H7 (this study), the MFC processing does not eliminate the microorganisms and the maximum temperature recommended does not eliminate bacterial growth, keeping the risk to the population. The results reinforces, the attention to the quality of the raw material, the quality tools in the field and in the food industry to ensure the safety of final products

tRNA genes are known target sites for the integration of pathogenicity islands (PAI) and other genetic elements, such as bacteriophages, into bacterial genome. In most STEC (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli), the PAI called LEE (locus of enterocyte effacement) is related to bacterial virulence and is mostly associated to the tRNA genes selC and pheU. In this work, we first investigated the relationship of LEE with tRNA genes selC and pheU in 43 STEC strains. We found that 28 strains (65%) had a disrupted selC and/or pheU. Three of these strains (637/1, 650/5 and 654/3) were chosen to be submitted to a RAPD-PCR technique modified by the introduction of specific primers (corresponding to the 5'end of genes selC and pheU) into the reaction, which we called "anchored RAPD-PCR". The PCR fragments obtained were transferred onto membranes, and those fragments which hybridized to selC and pheU probes were isolated. One of these fragments from strain 637/1 was partially sequenced. An 85-nucleotide sequence was found to be similar to the cfxA2 gene that encodes a beta-lactamase and is part of transposon Tn4555, a pathogenicity island originally integrated into the Bacteroides genome.

No presente estudo, 47 amostras enteropatogênicas de Escherichia coli, previamente caracterizadas pelo sorotipo, fenótipo de aderência, habilidade de induzir a formação da lesão histopatológica e presença das seqüências genéticas eae, bfp e EAF, foram analisadas de acordo com o perfil de fragmentação do DNA cromossômico pela técnica de eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE), as variantes isoenzimáticas através da eletroforese de isoenzimas (MLEE) e a presença de seqüências específicas da região LEE (eae, espA, espB, tir) e respectivos alelos. A amplificação destas seqüências mostrou a presença de 18 padrões genéticos distintos. A tipagem do gene eae revelou que a maior parte das amostras apresentou intimina não-tipável (42%) seguida dos tipos alélicos beta (35%), gama e alfa (12% cada). A fragmentação do DNA cromossômico detectou um elevado polimorfismo genético entre as amostras estudadas e não foi observada uma correlação com os marcadores de virulência investigados. Por outro lado, a análise das variantes isoenzimáticas sugeriu uma distribuição clonal específica de variantes genéticas do locus eae, o que nos leva a indicar a sua utilização como um marcador promissor para definir as relações genéticas neste grupo de microrganismos.

In the present study, 47 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains identified according to serotyping, presence of eae, bfp and EAF sequences, adherence phenotype and ability to induce attaching-effacing lesions were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), and the presence of LEE genes (eae, espA, espB, tir) as well as the respective alleles. Amplification of LEE genes subtypes revealed 18 different pathotypes. Typing of the eae gene showed that most strains contained nontypable intimin (42%) followed by beta (35%), gamma and alpha genes (12% each). PFGE analysis revealed a variable degree of polymorphism among isolates and, in general, no clear correlation was observed among PFGE profiles and the virulence markers identified. Otherwise, grouping based on MLEE analysis showed a close association between eae allele and clonal cluster distribution leading us to indicate the eae profile as a promising marker to establish relatedness among such microorganisms.